前言

又来写点了，之前玩物丧志，然后跳槽，搬家，安顿，比较折腾了，没怎么学习和记笔记，哈哈哈哈

Node 原生

创建一个服务：Hello Node.js

首先起一个简单的服务，新建一个 js文件，写入以下命令，并用 node xx.js 运行起来，之后在浏览器中访问 本地 3000 端口。

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// 导入内置模块 http
const http = require("http");
// 创建服务
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.end("hello Node.js");
});
// 启动服务，监听 3000 端口
server.listen(3000);

支持中文：设置 setHeader

如果我返回一些中文，之后页面会出现如下乱码

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const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.end("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);

页面出现乱码：Mac
在这里插入图片描述
windows 的页面可能是这样的

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// 页面
浣犲ソ Node.js

这是因为我们没有设置返回的文字编码，解决的办法就是 添加页面文字编码

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const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8"); // 添加页面文字编码
  res.end("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);

如何判断路由：req.url

可以通过 req.url 判断用户访问的那个地址，req.url 是用户在地址栏中输入的端口号后面的字符串，栗子：http://localhost:3000/index 或者是 http://localhost:3000/song。

req.url 也会带 ? 后面的参数，比方说 http://localhost:3000/song?name=周杰伦 这个时候 req.url 就等于 /song?name=周杰伦 了。

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const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  let url = req.url;
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  if (url === "/" || url === "/index") {
    res.end("主页");
  } else {
    res.end("其他页面");
  }
});
server.listen(3000);

内置模块 url

那这样的话就会出现问题，路由会匹配不到的，这时候我们就要想如何拿到不带参数的路由名称。

这里有个新的内置模块 url 他会帮你解析一下

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const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let reqUrl = req.url;
  let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl); // 解析 url，可以打印一下 realUrl 查看
  console.log(realUrl);
  if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
    res.end("主页");
  } else {
    res.end("其他页面");
  }
});
server.listen(3000);

如何返回页面：fs

文件读取

当我们想要给前端返回一个页面的时候，我们需要先加载一下 html 文件，然后返回

这里在插一嘴：前端的所有路由都是假路由！

首先呢，在项目下新建一个 view 文件夹，里面存放着我么要返回给前端展示的页面html文件

然后写好html ，运行下面的 node 脚本

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const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let reqUrl = req.url;
  let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
  console.log(realUrl);
  if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
    let htmlData = fs.readFileSync("./view/index.html");
    res.end(htmlData);
  } else {
    let htmlData = fs.readFileSync("./view/other.html");
    res.end(htmlData);
  }
});
server.listen(3000);

当然，如果html文件比较大的话，一次性读到内存，对于比较次的电脑会比较吃力，我们可以通过流读取来优化一下。

流读取

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const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let reqUrl = req.url;
  let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
  if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
    // 流方式：节约内存
    let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");
    // 通过管道写到 res 里
    rs.pipe(res);
  } else {
    let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");
    rs.pipe(res);
  }
});
server.listen(3000);

处理页面中引入的 JS：设置 Content-type

当我们在 index.html 页面上引入了一个脚本的时候

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <script src="./a.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h2>我是主页</h2>
  </body>
</html>

此时，这个 a.js 会有作用吗？

访问一下http://localhost:3000/ 后，发现报错了

Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token ‘<’

这是我们引入的资源不正确导致的，至于为什么报这个错误，我也不懂~

我是知道 a.js 这个文件页面它没找到，那如何处理呢？我们也需要把这个 js 读出取来，然后放到res里

为什么这么可以呢？浅显的理解就是：当页面发现你引入了 a.js 的时候，会发起一个请求，去后台请求 a.js ，这个是在 createServer 里能打印出来的。

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const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let reqUrl = req.url;
  let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
  console.log(reqUrl);
  if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
    let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");
    rs.pipe(res);
  } else if (realUrl.pathname === "/other") {
    let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");
    rs.pipe(res);
  } else {
    // 处理 a.js
    // 你会发现，在html 中引入的资源也会在 req.url 中找到
    let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view" + realUrl.pathname);
    rs.pipe(res);
  }
});
server.listen(3000);

此时 a.js 就可以正常的引入了，不过会报错，因为找不到 favicon.ico，这个先不用管，或者添加个if条件，也并不是重点，只需要了解知道即可。

我们请求的所有资源都会走 createServer 的，比方说页面中引入了a.js，那么他也会走一遍 createServer
比较隐形的例子就是 favicon.ico 了！所以你会疑惑，为什么上面的代码 req 打印了两遍，原因可能是这个哦。

其他资源处理 Content-type：MIME

此时还会有一个问题，所有的资源需要配置适合自己的 Content-type，否则就会出现错误或者失效，比方说我写一个 css ，并在页面中引入

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// css 文件
body {
  background: red;
}
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// index.js
// 服务器启动脚本
const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
// const mime = require("./mime.json") // 注意这里注释掉了~等会记得松开注释
const path = require("path");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let urlObj = url.parse(req.url);
  console.log(urlObj.pathname);
  if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {
    let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html");
    indexData.pipe(res);
  } else {
    if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {
      // let ext = path.extname(urlObj.pathname)
      // res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext])    // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型
      let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname);
      resData.pipe(res);
    }
  }
});
server.listen(3001);

整体展示如下，注意看一下右边的文件路径。
在这里插入图片描述

页面样式如下
在这里插入图片描述
而且页面的效果也没有，这个 css 根本没起作用啊，所以要配置一下

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const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const mime = require("./mime.json"); // 引入 MIME
const path = require("path");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
  let urlObj = url.parse(req.url);
  console.log(urlObj.pathname);
  if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {
    let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html");
    indexData.pipe(res);
  } else {
    if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {
      let ext = path.extname(urlObj.pathname);
      res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext]); // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型
      let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname);
      resData.pipe(res);
    }
  }
});
server.listen(3001);

配置后的页面
在这里插入图片描述

其中 MIME.json 的代码在文章的最下面。

模板引擎

我单独提取出来了，放在一篇文章里太挤了。

Koa 框架

官网戳我，它是 express 原班人马制作的，比 express 更加轻量。

创建一个服务：Hello Koa.js

可以和原生 node 做个对比

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// Node 原生
const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.end("hello Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);
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// Koa
const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
app.use((ctx, next) => {
  ctx.body = "你好";
});
app.listen(3000);

感觉好像也没简单多少啊，别急，看看它是如何处理路由还有其他的功能的。

中间件用法

koa 中引入了中间件这个东西，中间件会把回调函数里面写的功能，添加到 app 实例中去，比方说上面的 🌰

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app.use((ctx, next) => {
  ctx.body = "你好";
});

其中 ctx 是 context 的缩写，意为上下文，可以让上下中间件产生关联。

原生 node 中的 res 被 koa 封装到了 ctx.res 里，req 也是同理的，这个知识点在 Koa官网中称之为 别名

比方说别人已经封装好了几个功能函数（中间件），我们引入后，拿来 app.use()即可。

app.use() 可以理解为注册

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const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {
  console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件1");
  await next();
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {
  console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件2");
  await next();
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);

其中 next 是转交的功能。会把函数放到异步队列中

执行顺序：洋葱模型

遵循洋葱模型，可以理解成把 next() 替换成 下一个中间件的函数语句。
在这里插入图片描述

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const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {
  console.log("one start...");
  ctx.body = "hello";
  await new Promise((resolve) => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log("异步操作");
      resolve();
    }, 1000);
  });
  await next();
  console.log("one end...");
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {
  console.log("two start...");
  ctx.body = "world";
  console.log("two end...");
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);

上面的代码执行后输出如下
在这里插入图片描述
理解过程
在这里插入图片描述

错误处理：监听 error

如果那个中间件出现了错误，可以通过监听 error 事件，来打印 & 处理异常。

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app.on("error", (err) => {
  console.log(err);
});

在这里插入图片描述

路由

路由需要我们引入路由组件 require("koa-router")

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const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
  // 加载页面
  await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);

router.get 就相当于 用 get 方式请求后台，其他请求方式类似。

使用模板引擎加载页面：koa-views

有了中间件，可以省了不少的事情，可以跟原生的做个对比~

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const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
// 使用中间件，告诉我们的页面文件的路径在哪儿
// 其中第二个参数：配置模板引擎的格式
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {
  extension: "pug",
});
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
  // 加载页面
  await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);

在这里插入图片描述

引入静态外部资源：koa-static

这个组件叫做：静态 web 托管服务中间件

这也是一个外部的中间件，需要 npm install koa-static，你会发现比原生的 fs 模块要简单很多。

基本的思路就是：

  • 通过请求路径获取正确的文件地址
  • 通过地址获取对应的文件
  • 使用Node.js的API返回对应的文件，并设置相应的header

实例：我们先在 index.pug 中引入一个脚本

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doctype html
html(lang='en')
  head
    meta(charset='UTF-8')
    meta(name='viewport', content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0')
    meta(http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible', content='ie=edge')
    script(src="a.js")
    title Document
  body
    h1
      | 测试标题pug

然后执行 一下脚本，启动服务

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const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
const static = require("koa-static");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {
  extension: "pug",
});
app.use(static(__dirname + "/static")); // 添加查找静态资源的中间件，配置路径
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
  await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);

发现可以正常加载脚本！！ok

在这里插入图片描述

注意！！！
页面中引入的脚本尽量不去加前缀
在这里插入图片描述

在 Node 原生的讲解可以知道，引入外部资源也是一种请求，浏览器会发起一个请求到后台，我们后台需要找到文件并返回给浏览器~

我们用推荐的写法之所以能找到，是因为后端找到了这个资源

在这里插入图片描述
如果你用./static/a.js 这样引入的话，你以为页面能够正确引入，实则非也。
在这里插入图片描述
原因是因为，如果你是这样声明的话，Node 就会去访问 /static 下的文件，并把它替代成 localhost:3000

下图中是为了验证我的猜想。
在这里插入图片描述

所以只需要记住，**static() 声明的路径就是页面中要找的资源的最顶层**。koa-static 帮我们处理了托管静态文件的路径

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// 这里声明成这样子，后端会在遇到请求静态资源的时候，到 dirname + '/static' 这个路径下去寻找
// 前端请求的样子是：localhost:3000/a.js
app.use(static(__dirname + "/static"));

在这里插入图片描述

接收 post 请求传递来的参数：koa-body

如需想要获取 post 请求来的参数的话，需要添加这个中间件

不然拿不到 post 发过来的参数，打印出来的也是 undefined在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述

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const { koaBody } = require("koa-body");

// // [npm koaBody的说明] (https://www.npmjs.com/package/koa-body)
// 2022-11-30 下面这行的这个引用已经不好使了，根据官方的引用是这样的
// const Body = require('koa-body')
app.use(
  Body({
    multipart: true,
  })
);

// 取值
console.log(ctx.request.body);

取值可以通过 ctx.request.body来拿到值。

其他知识补充

默认请求方式为 get 的几种情况

有些请求默认是 get 的，比方说地址栏、脚本 scrip 的 src=""、 img 图片的 src、 href=""

环境变量：__dirname

这个 __dirname 是 Node 中的系统变量，它的值是当前所在文件的上一级文件夹的路径。
在这里插入图片描述

代码

MIME.json

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  ".z":"application/x-compress" ,
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}